Korea’s real GDP increased 1.2% (saar) in 2021Q3, a significant slowdown from the first two quarters of the year, reflecting a decline in private consumption (table below). A tightening of social distancing measures since July, aimed at slowing a fourth wave of COVID-19 infections, reduced spending on “consumer-facing services”. For example, demand in the food and lodging sectors is more than 20% below its January 2020 level. A second consecutive quarterly decline in gross fixed capital formation was blamed on supply bottlenecks. Net exports accounted for more than half of third-quarter growth as exports rebounded and imports fell in line with domestic demand.
Employment has increased significantly during Korea’s recovery from the pandemic. The number of people with paid positions in August 2021 was up 2.1% from August 2019 before the pandemic, a gain of 433,490 jobs. More than one-third of these jobs, however, were for less than 17 hours of work per week. The situation is deteriorating for young people. The number of people in the 15 to 29-age group with full-time jobs has fallen 3.7% since August 2019.
Although growth slowed in 2021Q3, the Bank of Korea has maintained its August 2021 projection of 4.0% growth this year. Growth will be sustained by the “living with COVID-19” strategy introduced in November. Under this approach, COVID-19 will be treated as an infectious respiratory disease, such as seasonal influenza, allowing an easing of social distancing rules. The new strategy is made possible by Korea’s success in immunizing its population. Immunization started relatively late in Korea; as of May 1, 2021, only 0.5% of the population was fully immunized. By November 9, 2021, the share was one of the highest in the OECD area at 76% (figure below).
The “living with COVID-19” initiative will be carried out in three phases:
The relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions is expected to boost private consumption, especially for consumer-facing services. In addition, fiscal policy will continue to support the economy, as two supplementary budgets, totaling about KRW 50 trillion (2.6% of GDP), were launched in 2021. In August, the Bank of Korea became the first Asian central bank to begin normalizing monetary policy by raising its policy interest rate from its record-low of 0.5% to 0.75%. Additional hikes are expected to address inflation, which has surpassed the 2% target, and rising household debt. In June 2021, household debt reached a record high of KRW 1.81 trillion, matching Korea’s GDP. Despite policies to stabilize household debt and cool the housing market, the relaxation of social distancing measures and fiscal support are likely to support robust growth.
Randall S. Jones is a Non-Resident Fellow at the Korea Economic Institute of America. The views expressed here are the author’s alone.
Image from sinano1000’s photostream on flickr Creative Commons.